1 - There was a time cui gli animali non esistevano: quindi, hanno avuto un inizio. Si è vista apparire ogni specie via via che il globo terrestre acquisiva le condizioni necessarie alla sua esistenza: questo è certo. Come si sono formati i primi individui di ogni specie? Si comprendeva benissimo che, se vi è stata una prima coppia, gli individui si sono moltiplicati: ma quella prima coppia,da dove è uscita? Ecco uno dei misteri pertinenti al principio delle cose, e sui quali non si può fare altro che formulare ipotesi. Se la scienza non può ancora
risolvere completamente i problemi, per lo meno può mettere sulla buona strada.
2 - Una delle prime domande che si presentano è la seguente: Ogni specie animale discende da una prima coppia, or by many pairs created, or if you prefer, sprouted simultaneously in different places?
latter supposition is the more probable it may be said to derive from observation. In fact, the study of geological strata attests to the presence in the land of the same formation, and in huge proportions, the same species on the most distant points of the globe. This multiplication, so general and in a sense contemporary, would have been impossible from a single primitive type.
On the other hand, the life of an individual, and above all of an individual infant is subjected to a lot of possibility, that a whole building could have been compromised without the plurality types, which means un'imprevidenza unacceptable by the sovereign Creator. On the other hand, if a guy has been formed in a certain area, may have formed in several areas, for the same cause.
Everything contributes to demonstrate that there has been a multiple and simultaneous creation of the first couples of all animal and plant species.
3 - The formation of the first living things can be deduced by analogy, by the same law under which they are formed and are formed every day the inorganic bodies. As they delve into the laws of nature, you can see the gears that, at first glance seemed so complicated, and you see them in their simplification and merge the great law of unity that presiede all’intera opera della creazione. Tutto questo si potrà comprendere meglio quando ci si sarà resi conto della formazione dei corpi inorganici, che ne è il primo gradino.
4 - La chimica considera come elementari un certo numero di sostanze, quali ad esempio l’ossigeno, l’idrogeno, l’azoto, il carbonio, il cloro, lo iodio, il fluoro, lo zolfo, il fosforo e tutti i metalli. Mediante la loro combinazione, essi formano i corpi composti: gli ossidi, gli acidi, gli alcali, i sali e le innumerevoli varietà che risultano dalle combinazioni di questi.
La combinazione di due corpi per formarne un terzo esige un particolare concorso di circostanze; per esempio un determinato grado di calore, of dryness or humidity, or movement or rest, or an electric current, and so on. If these conditions do not exist, the combination does not occur.
5 - When you have a combination, the body parts lose their characteristic properties, while the compound that results will have new, different from those of its constituents. It 's so, for example, that
oxygen and hydrogen gas, invisible, when you make chemically formed water, which is liquid, solid or vapor state, depending on the temperature. In the water there are, strictly speaking, no oxygen or hydrogen, but a new body, however, decomposing the water, i due gas,ridivenuti liberi, recuperano le loro proprietà, e l’acqua non c’è più. La stessa quantità d’acqua può in tal modo, essere alternativamente decomposta e ricomposta all’infinito.
6 - La composizione e la decomposizione dei corpi hanno luogo a seconda del grado di affinità che i principi elementari hanno l’uno per gli altri. La formazione dell’acqua, per esempio, risulta dall’affinità reciproca
dell’ossigeno e dell’idrogeno; ma se si mette a contatto con l’acqua un corpo che abbia per l’ossigeno un’affinità maggiore di quella che questo ha per l’idrogeno, l’acqua si decompone: l’ossigeno viene absorbed, the hydrogen becomes free, and there is more water.
7 - The bodies of compounds are formed again according to definite proportions, namely through the combination of a specific quantity of costituenti.Così principles, to form water, is a necessary part oxygen and two parts hydrogen. If two parts of oxygen are combined with two parts hydrogen, instead of water you get hydrogen peroxide, a corrosive liquid, but it is formed by the same elements that make up the water, but in different proportions.
8 - In a nutshell, this is the law that governs the formation of all bodies in nature. The immense variety of these bodies is the result a small number of basic principles combined in different proportions. In this way, oxygen, combined in certain proportions with carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, the form carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, oxygen and iron, forming iron oxide, ie rust, the oxygen and lead, both harmless, giving rise to the lead oxides such as litharge, white lead and red lead, which are poisonous. Oxygen, with metals called calcium, sodium, potassium, as lime, soda, potash. The lime, combined with carbonic acid, it forms calcium carbonate, or limestone, like marble, plaster, stone
construction of the stalactites caves, together with sulfuric acid, as sulphate of lime or gypsum, and alabaster. phosphoric acid units form calcium phosphate, solid base of the bones forming the chlorine and hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid, chlorine and sodium chloride or sodium form, which is the sea salt.
9 - All of these combinations, and thousands of others, can be obtained artificially, on a small scale in chemistry laboratories, but they spontaneously change on a vast scale in the great laboratory of nature.
The earth, its origin, did not contain all combinations of all these subjects, but only to their constituents principles, the state bird. When the chalky soil and become in the long run stony, were deposited on its surface, were already formed, but they were in the air, gaseous state, all the primitive substances, those substances, precipitated by the cooling effect under the influence of favorable circumstances, were combined according to the degree of molecular similarity, it is then that they were formed
different varieties of carbonates, sulfates, etc., initially in solution in water, and then deposited on the soil surface.
Suppose that, for any cause, the land returns to its original state glow: Well, this is split up, the elements will come apart, all substances were based fuses, tutte quelle volatili si volatilizzerebbero. Poi, un secondo raffreddamento porterebbe ad una nuova precipitazione, e tornerebbero nuovamente a formarsi le vecchie combinazioni.
10 - Queste considerazioni dimostrano che la chimica era necessaria per la comprensione della Genesi.
Prima di conoscere le leggi dell’affinità molecolare, era impossibile comprendere la formazione della terra. Questa scienza ha illuminato il problema di una luce assolutamente nuova, come l’astronomia e la geologia
ne hanno illuminato altri aspetti.
11 - Nella formazione dei corpi solidi, uno dei fenomeni più straordinari è quello della cristallizzazione, che consiste nella forma regolare caratteristica di certe sostanze dal momento del loro passaggio dallo stato liquido o gassoso allo stato solido. Questa forma, che varia a seconda della natura della sostanza, è generalmente quella di solidi geometrici, come ad esempio ilprisma, il romboide, il cubo, la piramide. Tutti conoscono i cristalli dello zucchero canditi; i cristalli di rocca, o silice cristallizzata, sono prismi a sei facce che terminano in una piramide egualmente esagonale. Il diamante è carbonio puro, o carbone cristallizzato. I disegni che si producono sui vetri, durante l’inverno, sono dovuti alla cristallizzazione del vapore acqueo durante il congelamento, sotto forma di aghi prismatici.
La disposizione regolare dei cristalli deriva dalla forma particolare delle molecole di ciascun corpo; queste particelle, infinitely small for us, and yet occupy a certain space, requested by the attraction towards each other molecules, are arranged and juxtapose, according to the needs of their form, so that each take his place around the nucleus or first center of attraction, and form a symmetrical. The crystallization
work only under the influence of certain favorable circumstances, without which there can take place, the degree of temperature and rest are essential conditions. It is understood that an excessive heat, keeping far apart the molecules, would not allow them to condense, and if the agitation is opposed to their symmetrical arrangement, they do not form a mass confused and irregular, and then you will not have the proper crystallization.
12 - The law that governs the formation of minerals naturally leads to the formation of organic bodies.
Chemical analysis shows that all the vegetable and animal substances are composed of the same elements that make up the inorganic bodies. The elements that constitute the central actors are oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon, the other there are only incidental. As in the mineral kingdom, the difference in proportion in the combination of these elements produces all varieties of organic substances and their different properties, such as muscles, bones, blood, bile, nerves, the brain matter, the fat of animals, the sap, wood, leaves, fruits, essences, oils, resins, etc.., in plants. Thus, in the training of animals and plants, do not enter any special body that can not be found in the mineral kingdom (1).
(1) The following table, using the analysis of certain substances, shows the difference in ownership that results from the only difference in the proportion of components. 100 parts: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Cane 42.470 6.900 56.510 - - -
grape sugar 36.710 6.780 50.630 - - - 51.980 13.700 34.320
Alcohol - - -
Olive Oil 77.210 13.360 9.430 - - -140
Walnut Oil 79.774 10.570 9.122 11.700 9.304 78.996 0.534
Grasso
Fibrin 53.360 7.021 19.685 19.934
13 - Examples will include the usual transformations that operate in the kingdom only through organic modification of components.
grape juice there is still no wine or alcohol, but only water and sugar. When this juice has reached maturity and is placed in favorable circumstances, it produces an intimate labor, which is named after fermentation. In this labor, one part sugar decomposition: oxygen, hydrogen and carbon are separated and combined in desired proportions to make alcohol; thus, drinking grape juice, actually do not drink alcohol at all, because it does not already exist: they form the constituent parts water and sugar, without there being in practice in more than one molecule less.
In the bread and vegetables you eat, there are certainly neither the flesh nor blood nor bones, nor bile, or brain matter, and yet these same foods, splitting and recombining through the work of digestion, must be to produce these different substances thanks only to the transformation of their constituent elements.
In the seed of a tree there are no wood, no leaves, no flowers, no fruit, and is a childish mistake to believe that the tree Uncut, in microscopic form, is inside the suit, nor is there, in that suit, the amount of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon necessary to form a single leaf of the tree. The seed contains the germ that unfolds when conditions are right: the germ that grows through the juices that draws from the earth and that sucks gas from the air, these juices, which are not wood, no leaves, no flowers, no fruit, infiltrating into the plant will form the sap, such as food, animals, form the blood. This lymph flow through the free circulation in all parts of the plant, according to the organ in which they arrive and where it undergoes a special processing
turns into wood, foglie, frutti, come il sangue si trasforma in carne, ossa, bile, eccetera; eppure si tratta sempre degli stessi elementi: ossigeno, idrogeno, azoto e carbonio, combinati in modo diverso.
14 - Le diverse combinazioni degli elementi per la formazione delle sostanze minerali, vegetali e animali, non possono quindi compiersi se non negli ambienti e nelle circostanze propizie; al di fuori di tali circostanze, i principi elementari si trovano in una specie di inerzia. Ma, quando le circostanze sono favorevoli, incomincia un lavoro di elaborazione; le molecole si mettono in movimento, si agitano, si attirano, si avvicinano, si separano in virtù della legge delle affinità, e per mezzo delle loro combinazioni multiple,compongono l’infinita variety of substances. When the conditions cease, the work suddenly stops and restarts when conditions return to appear again. E 'in this way that the vegetation is active, slow, stop and resumed under the action of heat, light, moisture, cold or aridity, which is why a given plant thrives in a climate or in a certain field, and sad or dies in another.
15 - What is daily before our eyes may help to put us on track to understand what happened the beginning of time, because the laws of nature are invariable. Since the constituent elements
of organic beings and inorganic beings are the same, and we see them constantly under the influence of certain circumstances, to form stones, plants and fruits, it can be concluded that the bodies of the first living creatures were formed as the first stones, by merging elementary molecules under the law of affinity, that gradually the conditions of the vitality of the globe have been conducive to this or that species.
The similarity of the shapes and colors in the reproduction of individuals of each species can be compared to the similarity of the shape of each species of crystal. The molecules, juxtaposing under the influence of the same law, they produce a similar set.
Source: The Revelations of the Spirits (Allan Kardec)
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